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[36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. Millions? fall into the classification of genocide. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. It was one of Africa's oldest iron-smelting centres. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. Answer (1 of 3): Here we go again with the Bantu Expansion and supposed "genocide" of the Khoi-Khoi and the San of Southern Africa. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. Dingiswayo very quickly noticed that the young Shaka possessed a particular talent for war, and took him into his army. Derek Nurse und Grard Philippson: The Bantu Languages. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. Vitally important but lesser known were the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) fighting to eject the Italians from their country. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. "useRatesEcommerce": false The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. What area? Bantu Expansion isnt real. We won't share your contact details with anyone. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Also known as the Bantu conquest of Africa - 2,000 Years of Bantu supremacy, racism, conquest, genocide, rape, war, cannibalism and colonisation. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. Enter your library card number to sign in. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. The Bantu Expansion, the foremost linguistic, cultural, and demographic event in Late Holocene Africa, has sparked a fervent interdisciplinary debate, especially regarding its driving forces. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Unfortunately, it is also greatly understudied and often unknown to history enthusiasts. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. The early stages of migration were slow. The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. Its a MYTH. cit. Another legendary state derivative of the Bantu Expansion is the Zulu Empire. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. That child, a boy, was given the name Shaka, a pejorative reference to an intestinal parasite. These include sultanates based at Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Pate and Malindi. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Your email address will not be published. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. Regarding (1), the chapter argues that the Bantu Expansion did involve the actual migration of Bantu speakers but that backward and forward migration occurred after the initial spread and that Bantu languages also expanded through adoption by autochthonous hunter-gatherers. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Total loading time: 0 Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. via language shift and admixture of incoming and existing populations). . https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6, https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. Partisans in France, Yugoslavia, the Eastern Front and the Philippines have much written about them. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. By that logic, you have to say that the Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain (Which took place in 6th century CE, about 2 centuries after the Bantu made it to what is now South Africa) was a genocide as most of the Y-DNA of the English is Anglo-Saxon not Celtic or pre-Celtic. In many ways, it defined the British Empire. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. They expanded and took the land which is exactly what they will do to Somalia soon if Somalis don't put a stop to it. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. His Impis, or regiments, were relentless and unstoppable. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. Possibly caused by population growth, or by conflict, a migration set off in two streams one East across central Africa, and the other South following the Congo river system. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. The Bantu languages constitute by far Africa's largest language family. False and dangerous equivalency. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. Sutton, J. E. G. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. The evidence for the first stage is largely linguistic and is likely to remain so. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. There is strength in numbers and our Bantu speaking ancestors always had large families consistent with our pro-natalist mindset. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history . The story begins with a popular African tale. The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar. [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. [1] Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. [42][43], Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in the Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale."[44]. In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. It was one of the first states in Africa and paved the way for the historic Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. However, mtDNA genetic research from Cabinda suggests that only haplogroups that originated in West Africa are found there today, and the distinctive L0 of the pre-Bantu population is missing, suggesting that there was a complete population replacement. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. Oliver and Mathew, op. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. There are no noticeable differences between the two communities as they both use the same Bantu languages together with French, and mainly observe Christianity. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. That shows sexual migratory activity not genocide. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. Archaeological findings have shown that by 100 BC to 300 AD, Bantu speaking communities were present at the coastal areas of Misasa in Tanzania and Kwale in Kenya. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. In other words, most sub-Saharan Africans today are descended from Bantus, who are, historically, a genocidal conqueror race rather like the Yamnayas-Aryans of Eurasia. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. Rape and slavery was common practice among the Bantu colonists. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Because he's literate And using reason to research DNA and other recorded information. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708 Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. Of course not. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. This empire was one of the most powerful in African History and left an indelible mark on modern-day South Africa. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent.

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